Arduino programming language pdf download

Also included are the useful Undo and Redo options, which come in handy when you make a mistake. The Edit Menu 18 www. These include the Import Library option, which when clicked will bring up a list of the available libraries, stored within your libraries folder. The Sketch Menu A library is a collection of code that you can include in your sketch to enhance the functionality of your project. It is a way of preventing you from reinventing the wheel by reusing code already made by someone else for various pieces of common hardware you may encounter whilst using the Arduino.

For example, one of the libraries you will find is Stepper, which is a set of functions you can use within your code to control a stepper motor.

Somebody else has kindly already created all of the necessary functions necessary to control a stepper motor, and by including the Stepper library into our sketch, we can use those functions to control the motor as we wish.

By storing commonly used code in a library, you can reuse that code over and over in different projects and also hide the complicated parts of the code from the user. We will go into greater detail concerning the use of libraries later on. Finally, within the Sketch menu is the Show Sketch Folder option, which will open up the folder were your sketch is stored.

Also, there is the Add File option, which will enable you to add another source file to your sketch. This functionality allows you to split larger sketches into smaller files and then add them to the main Sketch. Within this are the options to select the board and serial port we are using, as we did when setting up the Arduino for the first time.

Also we have the Auto Format function that formats your code to make it look nicer. Tools Menu 19 www. The Archive Sketch option will enable you to compress your sketch into a ZIP file and will ask you where you want to store it. The programmer button will enable you to choose a programmer, in case you are using an external device to upload code to your Arduino or wish to burn code to a chip in your own project.

We will simply be using the USB cable we purchased with our Arduino. Finally, the Burn Bootloader option can be used to burn the Arduino Bootloader piece of code on the chip to make it compatible with the Arduino IDE to the chip. This option can only be used if you have an AVR programmer and have replaced the chip in your Arduino or have bought blank chips to use in your own embedded project.

Unless you plan on burning lots of chips, it is usually cheaper and easier to just buy an ATmega chip see Figure with the Arduino Bootloader already pre-programmed. Many online stores stock pre-programmed chips and these can be purchased pretty cheaply. An Atmel ATmega chip. The heart of your Arduino. The Arduino IDE is pretty basic and you will learn how to use it quickly and easily as we work through the projects.

As you become more proficient at using an Arduino and programming in C the programming language we use to code on the Arduino you may find the Arduino IDE is too basic and wish to use something with better functionality. Summary In this chapter you have learnt what an Arduino is, a little bit about the different Arduino variants, what you can do with it, and what the basic components are that make up the Arduino board.

Then you learnt how to install and set up the software and drivers for the Arduino, how to select the correct serial port, and upload a test sketch to your Arduino to make sure everything is working correctly.

Next we moved onto the IDE: how to use it and what the purpose of each of the buttons and menus is, including the serial monitor window. These are the basic concepts required to understand how to set up the software to work with the Arduino hardware. In the next chapter, we will put those concepts into practice by using the IDE to write our code and upload it to our Arduino board.

These projects all use LED lights in various ways. You will learn about controlling outputs from the Arduino as well as simple inputs such as button presses. On the hardware side, you will learn about LEDs, buttons, and resistors, including pull-up and pull-down resistors, which are important in ensuring that input devices are read correctly. Along the way, you will pick up the concepts of programming in the Arduino language. Except this time, we are going to connect an LED to one of the digital pins rather than use LED13 which is soldered to the board.

We will also learn exactly how the hardware and the software for this project works as we go, learning a bit about electronics and coding in the Arduino language which is a variant of C at the same time.

Table below shows the parts required for our very first project. Table The text will explain how to work it out. Parts Required The best kind of breadboard to get for most of the projects in this book is an tie-point breadboard.

These are fairly standard-sized breadboards that usually measure approximately Usually, these have little dovetails on the side allowing you to connect several of them together to make larger breadboards. This is useful for larger projects. For this project, though, any sized breadboard will do. You will need to know the current and voltage sometimes called forward current and forward voltage of the LED as this will enable you to calculate the resistor value needed.

We will work out this value later in the project. The jumper wires can either be commercially available jumper wires usually with molded ends to make insertion into the breadboard easier or you can make your own by cutting short strips of stiff single core wire and stripping away about 6mm from the end.

Next, take your breadboard, LED, resistor, and wires, and connect everything up as in Figure Be careful when inserting components into the breadboard.

Your breadboard may be brand new and the grips in the holes will be stiff to begin with. Failure to insert components carefully could result in damage.

Make sure that your LED is connected the right way. Make sure the anode positive leg of the LED usually the leg with the longer lead is connected to digital pin Make sure the anode of the LED usually the lead with the longer leg is connected to the resistor, and the cathode usually the short leg to ground. LEDs only light up when the anode is at a more positive voltage than the cathode.

When you are sure that everything is connected up correctly, power up your Arduino and connect the USB cable. If this is successful, you can now click the Upload button to upload the code to your Arduino. If you have done everything correctly, you should now see the LED on the breadboard flashing on and off every second.

This allows you to add notes to yourself and others who may read the code explaining how the code works. Comments are essential in your code to help you understand what is going on and how your code works.

Later on as your projects get more complex and your code expands into hundreds or maybe thousands of lines, comments will be vital in making it easy for you to see how it works. You may come up with an amazing piece of code, but if you go back and look at that code days, weeks or months later, you may forget how it all works.

Comments will help you understand it easily. Also, if your code is meant to be seen by other people—and as the whole ethos of the Arduino, and indeed the whole Open Source community is to share code and schematics—I hope when you start making your own cool stuff with the Arduino, you will be willing to share it with the world. Comments will enable others to understand what is going on in your code. A variable is a place to store data. Imagine a variable as a small box where you can keep things.

A variable is called a variable because you can change its contents. Later on, we will carry out mathematical calculations on variables to make our program do more advanced things. In this case, you are setting up a variable of type int or integer. An integer is a number within the range of , to 32, Next, you have assigned that integer the name of ledPin and have given it a value of But, as we want our variable name to be descriptive, we call it ledPin to show that the use of this variable is to set which pin on the Arduino we are going to use to connect our LED.

In this case, we are using digital pin At the end of this statement is a semicolon. This is a symbol to tell the compiler that this statement is now complete. Although we can call our variables anything we want, every variable name in C must start with a letter; the rest of the name can consist of letters, numbers, and underscore characters. C recognizes upper and lower case characters as being different. Keywords are constants, variables, and function names that are defined as part of the Arduino language.

All keywords within the sketch will appear in red. So, you have set up an area in memory to store a number of type integer and have stored in that area the number The setup function runs once and once only at the start of the program and is where you will issue general instructions to prepare the program before the main loop runs, such as setting up pin modes, setting serial baud rates, etc. Basically, a function is a block of code assembled into one convenient block. For example, if we created our own function to carry out a whole series of complicated mathematics that had many lines of code, we could run that code as many times as we liked simply by calling the function name instead of writing out the code again each time.

Later on, we will go into functions in more detail when we start to create our own. In the case of our program, the setup function only has one statement to carry out.

The function starts with void setup Here, we are telling the compiler that our function is called setup, that it returns no data void and that we pass no parameters to it empty parenthesis.

If our function returned an integer value and we also had integer values to pass to it e. This function has been passed two integers called x and y Once the function has finished, it will then return an integer value to the point after our function was called in the program hence int before the function name.

All of the code within the function is contained within the curly braces. Anything in between those two symbols is code that belongs to the function. All you need to know is that in this program, we have two functions, and the first function is called setup; its purpose is to setup anything necessary for our program to work before the main program loop runs.

Here we are telling the Arduino that we want to set the mode of one of our digital pins to be output mode, rather than input. Our pin number is ledPin, which has been previously set to the value 10 in our program. As the setup function runs only once, we now move onto the main function loop. Every statement within the loop function within the curly braces is carried out, one by one, step by step, until the bottom of the function is reached; then, the Arduino starts the loop again at the top of the function, and so on forever, or until you turn the Arduino off or press the Reset switch.

In this project, we want the LED to turn on, stay on for one second, turn off and remain off for one second, and then repeat. Therefore, the commands to tell the Arduino to do that are contained within the loop function, as we wish them to repeat over and over. When you set a digital pin to HIGH, you are sending out 5 volts to that pin. When you set it to LOW, the pin becomes 0 volts, or ground.

This statement therefore sends out 5v to digital pin 10 and turns the LED on. After that is delay ; This statement simply tells the Arduino to wait for 1, milliseconds there are 1, milliseconds in a second before carrying out the next statement which is digitalWrite ledPin, LOW ; This will turn off the power going to digital pin 10, and therefore turn the LED off.

There is then another delay statement for another 1, milliseconds and then the function ends. However, as this is our main loop function, the function will now start again at the beginning. By following the program structure step by step again, we can see that it is very simple.

Then we move onto the setup function where we simply set the mode for digital pin 10 as an output. In the main program loop, we set digital pin 10 to high, sending out 5v. Then we wait for a second and then turn off the 5v to pin 10, before waiting another second. The loop then starts again at the beginning, and the LED will turn on and off continuously for as long as the Arduino has power.

Now that you know this, you can modify the code to turn the LED on for a different period of time and also turn it off for a different time period.

Well, within the bounds of a single LED going on and off, that is. The board consists of a series of holes in grid patterns. Underneath the board, these holes are connected by strips of conductive metal. The way those strips are laid out is typically something like in Figure How the metal strips in a breadboard are laid out The strips along the top and bottom run parallel to the board and are designed to connect to the power and ground of your power supply.

The components in the middle of the board can then conveniently connect to either 5V or whatever voltage you are using and ground. Some breadboards have a red and a black line running parallel to these holes to show which is power Red and which is ground Black.

On larger breadboards, the power rail sometimes has a split, indicated by a break in the red line. This is in case you want different voltages to go to different 27 www. If you are using just one voltage, a short piece of jumper wire can be placed across this gap to make sure that the same voltage is applied along the whole length of the rail.

The strips in the center run at 90 degrees to the power and ground rails in short lengths, and there is a gap in the middle to allow you to put integrated circuits across the gap and have each pin of the chip go to a different set of connected holes see Figure An integrated circuit or chip plugged across the gap in a breadboard The next component we have is a resistor.

A resistor is a device designed to cause resistance to an electric current and therefore cause a drop in voltage across its terminals. You can imagine a resistor to be like a water pipe that is a lot thinner than the pipe connected to it. As the water the electric current comes into the resistor, the pipe gets thinner and the current coming out of the other end is therefore reduced.

We use resistors to decrease voltage or current to other devices. Resistance is measured in units called ohms. The symbol for ohms is the Greek omega symbol W. In this case, digital pin 10 is outputting 5 volts DC at 40mA milliamps , according to the Atmega datasheet, and our LEDs require a voltage of 2v and a current of 35mA, according to their datasheet. We therefore need to put in a resistor that will reduce the 5V to 2V, and the current from 40mA to 35mA if we want to display the LED at its maximum brightness.

If we want the LED to be dimmer, we could use a higher value of resistance. You will put too much current through the LED and damage it permanently. You could also damage other parts of your circuit. Resistors come in standard values and the closest common value would be ohms. Always choose the next standard value resistor that is higher than the value needed. So, how do we find a W resistor? A resistor is too small to be written upon that could be readable by most people, so instead, resistors use a color code.

Around the resistor, you will typically find four colored bands, and by using the color code in Table you can find out the value of a resistor or which color codes a particular resistance will be.

The final band indicates the tolerance of the resistor. Therefore, if you had an LED that required two volts and 35mA, you would need a resistor with a brown, black, brown band combination.

If you needed a K resistor, the colors would be green, violet, and yellow, and so on. In the same way, if you found a resistor and wanted to know which value it is, you would do the same in reverse. So, if you found this resistor and wanted to find out which value it was so you could store it away in your nicely labeled 29 www. Choose the correct resistance value for the LED you have purchased to complete this project. A diode is a device that permits current to flow in only one direction.

So, it is just like a check valve in a water system. In this case, however, it is letting electrical current go in one direction; if the current tried to reverse and go back in the opposite direction, the diode would stop it from doing so.

Diodes can be useful to prevent you from accidently connecting the power and ground to the wrong terminals in a circuit and damaging the components.

An LED is a diode that also emits light. LEDs come in different colors and brightnesses, and can also emit light in the ultraviolet and infrared parts of the spectrum as in the LEDs in your TV remote control. If you look carefully at an LED, you will notice two things. One is that the legs are of different lengths, and also, that on one side of the LED it is flattened rather than cylindrical see Figure These are indicators to show you which leg is the anode positive and which is the cathode negative.

The longer leg anode gets connected to the positive supply 3. However, LEDs also come Figure The parts of an LED image courtesy of Inductiveload from Wikimedia Commons in rectangular shapes, surface mount style, or other forms. If you connect the LED the wrong way, it will not be damaged unless you put very high currents through it.

It is essential that you always put a resistor in series with the LED to ensure that the correct current gets to the LED. You can permanently damage the LED if you fail to do this. These will have several legs coming out of them with one common leg that is, a common anode or common cathode. The LED has four legs: one will be a common anode or cathode, common to all three LEDs and the other three will then go to the anode or cathode of the individual red, green and blue LEDs.

Project 2 — S. Morse Code Signaler For this project, we are going to leave the exact same circuit set up as in Project 1 so no need for a hardware overview , but will use some different code to make the LED display a message in Morse code. In this case, we are going to get the LED to signal the letters S. Morse code is a type of character encoding that transmits letters and numbers using patterns of on and off. It is therefore nicely suited to our digital system as we can turn an LED on and off in the necessary pattern to spell out a word or a series of characters.

In this case we will be signaling S. Enter the code Listing Verify your code is error free and then upload it to your Arduino. If you were to rig up a battery-operated Arduino to a very bright light and then place the whole assembly into a waterproof and handheld box, this code could be used to control an SOS emergency strobe light to be used on boats, while mountain climbing, etc.

Morse Code Signaler — Code Overview Thus, the first part of the code is identical to the last project where we initialize a variable and then set pin 10 to be an output.

In the main code loop, we can see the same kind of statements to turn the LEDs on and off for a set period of time, but this time, the statements are within three separate code blocks. A block is a set of one or more statements enclosed within curly braces. But, when we run the sketch, we can see the light flashes three times, not just once.

This is done using the for loop. There are three expressions we can supply to the for loop. These are initialization, condition, increment. The initialization expression is evaluated first, and only once. Then control goes back to the condition test and the process repeats until the condition is false when tested; the loop then ends. So, first we need to initialize a variable to be the start number of the loop.

In this case we set up variable x and set it to zero. The initialization expression is always executed, but if the condition is false going into the for loop, the loop body and increment expression are not executed.

These operators are used to make decisions within your code and to compare two values. If x is smaller than 3, then the code in the block will be executed. Otherwise, the loop will exit. Note there is no need to put a semicolon after this final Page: 1expression in the for loop statement. It then increments x by the value of the increment expression. As long as the condition of the loop is met, the loop will keep on repeating.

So, now we know how the for loop works, we can see in our code that there are three for loops, one that loops three times and displays the dits. The next one repeats three times and displays the dahs. Then there is a repeat of the dits again. A variable defined within a function, for , or block is accessible within that function, for , or block.

Variables defined outside of any function are globally visible within the remainder of the file in which they are defined. They are not visible to separately compiled parts of the program unless declared there with the extern command. If you try to access x outside the for loop, you will get an error. In between each for loop there is a small delay to make a tiny visible pause between the letters of S.

Finally, the code waits for five seconds before the main program loop starts again. We will use the parts listed in Table We will be using three LEDs and therefore, three current-limiting resistors. Connect It Up Connect your circuit as in Figure This time, we have connected three LEDs with the anode of each one going to digital pins 8, 9 and 10, via a W current-limiting resistor or whichever value you require for each.

The circuit for Project 3 We have taken a jumper wire from the ground of the Arduino to the ground rail at the top of the breadboard. A ground wire goes from the cathode leg of each LED to the common ground rail via a current-limiting resistor this time, connected to the cathode.

Enter the Code Enter the code from listing , check it, and upload to your Arduino. The LEDs will now move through four states that simulate a traffic light system, as seen in Figure If you have followed projects 1 and 2, then both the code and the hardware for Project 3 will be self-explanatory.

I shall leave you to examine the code and figure out how it works. Listing The four states of a traffic light system image by Alex from WikiMedia In the next project, we are going to build on project 3 by including a set of pedestrian lights and adding a push button to make the lights interactive.

In doing so, you will learn about detecting an input. Project 4 — Interactive Traffic Lights This time, we are going to extend the previous project to include a set of pedestrian lights and a pedestrian push button used for requests to cross the road.

The Arduino will react when the button is pressed by changing the state of the lights to make the cars stop and allow the pedestrian to cross safely. For the first time, we will be able to interact with the Arduino and cause it to do something when we change the state of a button that the Arduino is watching i. In this project, we will also learn how to create our own functions in code. From now on, when listing the parts required, we will no longer list the breadboard and jumper wires.

Just assume that you will always need both of those. Parts Required The parts list in Table is almost identical to that in Project 3. However, we have added an extra two LEDs and their respective current-limiting resistors to represent the pedestrian crossing lights.

We have also included a switch so that you can control the lights and learn about reading an input pin. Choose the appropriate value resistor for your project see Chapter 1. Double check your wiring before providing any power to your Arduino. Remember to have your Arduino disconnected to the power while wiring up the circuit. Traffic light system with pedestrian crossing and request button Enter the Code Enter the code in Listing and verify and upload it.

When you run the program, you will see that the car traffic light starts on green to allow cars to pass and the pedestrian light is on red. When you press the button, the program checks that at least five seconds have gone by since the last time the lights were changed to allow traffic to get moving , and if they have, passes code execution to the function we have created called changeLights.

In this function, the car lights go from green to amber then red, and then the pedestrian lights go green. After a period of time set in the variable crossTime time enough to allow the pedestrians to cross , the green pedestrian light will flash on and off as a warning to the pedestrians to hurry up as the lights are about to change back to red. Then the pedestrian light changes back to red and the vehicle lights go from red to amber to green and the traffic can resume.

Project 4 — Interactive Traffic Lights - Code Overview Most of the code in this project you will understand and recognize from previous projects. However, let us take a look at a few new keywords and concepts that have been introduced in this sketch. However, we have specified an unsigned long, which means the variable cannot store negative numbers, which gives us a range from 0 to 4,,, If we were to use an integer to store the length of time since the last change of lights, we would only get a maximum time of 32 seconds before the integer variable reached a number higher than it could store.

Arduino Sinhala 30 - Timing Interrupts Video min. Arduino Sinhala 32 : Segment Displays Video min. The Best you need at One Place. Start Your Infinity Experience. Course Creator. Arduino Programming: Step by Step to become an Expert 15 videos. Drones for Beginners: How to make Arduino Drones 20 videos. Related Searches. Join Now. Course Speciality -Understand variables and the different data types -Make yourself more marketable for entry level programming positions -By the end of this course you will understand the fundamentals of the Arduino operating system and be able to apply that knowledge in a practical and useful manner.

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The Best you need at One Place. Start Your Infinity Experience. Active development of the Arduino software is hosted by GitHub. See the instructions for building the code. Latest release source code archives are available here. The archives are PGP-signed so they can be verified using this gpg key.

Release Notes Checksums sha Download a preview of the incoming release with the most updated features and bugfixes.